Depreciation Calculator

Calculate the depreciation of an asset using the straight line, declining balance, double declining balance, or sum-of-the-years’ digits method.

How to Calculate Depreciation

Most physical goods—machinery, rental properties, equipment, and even office supplies—have a limited useful life. And if these goods and materials are essential for conducting business, they will eventually need to be replaced.

Suppose there is a piece of equipment that costs $100 and the useful estimated life of this piece of equipment is 10 years.

While it is quite possible that the business paid for this piece of equipment all at once (i.e., they did not need to finance it), that business might still consider spreading these costs over time.

Depreciation is a broad finance and accounting term used to describe various ways of distributing these costs. As we will further illustrate throughout this article, there are several different depreciation strategies that can make sense in certain situations.

What is Depreciation?

It is important to remember that depreciation is a cost allocation strategy. Depreciation is an accounting strategy that helps spread the total cost of acquiring an asset over that asset’s useful lifetime.

If an asset’s book value is 90% of its original value, that doesn’t necessarily mean you could sell the product for that price on the open market. Instead, this simply means that 10% of that asset’s value has been accounted for.

Depreciation helps make it easier for businesses and other organizations to control their expenses. This can be useful in a variety of situations, such as determining the entire value of a company or minimizing tax obligations.

How to Calculate Straight-Line Depreciation

One of the most common depreciation strategies is straight-line depreciation. This strategy will evenly spread an asset’s cost over its entire life. In other words, depreciation will be linear.

To calculate straight-line depreciation, you need to know the cost of the asset, its estimated service life, and its salvage value. The salvage value is the amount you could sell the asset or its parts for once its useful life has been exhausted.

Straight-Line Depreciation Formula

The formula for straight-line depreciation is:^[1]

depreciation = asset cost – salvage value / service life

Using the straight-line method, depreciation is equal to the asset cost minus the salvage value, divided by the service life.

How to Calculate Declining Balance

The declining balance depreciation method assumes that the asset will lose value at a faster rate towards the beginning of its useful life than it will at the end of its useful life (think about how a new car loses much of its value as soon as it drives off the lot).

In order to calculate the declining balance formula, you will need to incorporate a corresponding depreciation factor.

Declining Balance Formula

The formula for declining balance depreciation is:^[2]

depreciation = value × factor × 1 / service life

Where:
value = depreciable value at the beginning of the year
service life = years of useful life
factor = depreciation factor (see below for tips to find this)

Using the declining balance method, depreciation is equal to the value times the depreciation factor times 1 divided by the service life.

In the formula above, the depreciation factor you choose will depend on how quickly you believe the asset will lose its value. The larger the factor, the more quickly the asset’s value will be depreciated in the beginning of its life.

This strategy is useful for assets that decline in value quickly, such as computers or other technology that rapidly becomes obsolete. In some cases, there might be an industry standard available that you can use as a baseline.

In other cases, you might simply want to depreciate at double the linear rate using the double-declining balance formula below.

Double-Declining Balance Formula

The double-declining balance formula is shown below:

depreciation = value × 2 × 1 / service life

Where:
value = depreciable value at the beginning of the year
service life = years of useful life

Using the double-declining balance method, depreciation is equal to the value times 2 times 1 divided by the service life.

How to Calculate Sum-of-the-Years’ Digits

The sum-of-the-years’ digits depreciation method is another common depreciation strategy that places a higher emphasis on the early years and less emphasis on the later years. As the years go on, the depreciation percentage will change accordingly.

Sum-of-the-Years’ Digits Formula

The sum-of-the-years’ digits formula is:

depreciation = (asset cost – salvage value) × factor

Where:
n = service life in years
factor = years of service life remaining divided by the sum of each year’s digits (see example below)

year 1 factor = n / 1 + 2 + … + n
year 2 factor = n – 1 / 1 + 2 + … + n
final year factor = 1 / 1 + 2 + … + n

Which Depreciation Method Should I Use?

The depreciation that makes the most sense for you will depend on several different factors. To start with, you might want to consider the value of a product that may deteriorate over time.

For example, the drop in value between a new product and a product that is one year old will almost always be greater than, say, the drop in value between years 2 and 3.

You might also want to think about the likelihood that you will sell the product before its useful life has been exhausted.

In most cases, the straight-line method will be easiest to apply and will make the most sense. Regardless of which method you use, be sure to use depreciation in order to distribute the cost of assets over time.

For example, let’s compare these depreciation methods using the following parameters:

• Asset Cost = $100,000
• Salvage Value = $5,000
• Service Life = 5 years
• Depreciation Factor (DB method only) = 2.06
• Convention = Full-Month
• Placed in Service = January 2022

The resulting depreciation schedules look like this:

So, two methods attain the fully depreciated status:

$100,000 – $95,000 = $5,000 (salvage value)

But what about the other two methods, which haven’t depreciated enough to attain this status?

In cases where the declining balance method will not fully depreciate an asset over its service life there are a few options.

The most commonly adopted option is to switch the depreciation method to use the straight-line method later in the asset’s life.

Another option is to use a higher depreciation factor to further accelerate the depreciation ensuring the asset is fully depreciated.

If the asset is not fully depreciated then it will have a higher book value than its salvage value, ultimately resulting in a lower tax benefit.